Thursday, September 3, 2020

How do US auto firms evaluate the comprehensive and long term Dissertation

How would US auto firms assess the exhaustive and long haul suitability of putting resources into Information Technology extends that len - Dissertation Example Inclination of the procedure of dynamic is advocated by the methodological wellness of the choice to the interest of the concerned circumstance, unwavering quality of the proof utilized for dynamic, pertinence of the choice to setting, straightforwardness in the discoveries and the degree up to which accord came to inside the dynamic people. In this paper the blended strategy for research has been contrasted and quantitative and subjective strategies for research. Consequence of this correlation has been utilized to contemplate the various models of dynamic and the most favored technique for research has been depicted (Baba and HakemZadeh, 2012). The reasonable model The neoclassical hypothesis of microeconomics depends on the suspicion that man is a balanced monetary operator and is an educated leader. This procedure shows includes four distinct advances, insight, plan, decision and audit. Knowledge of an individual or an association encourages them to locate the fitting events for dynamic. Structure of the dynamic procedure permits them to design new ways and investigate all the likely approaches to pick the strategy. It helps in choosing some specific line of activity from the accessible scope of decisions and audit of the decision made aides in making a decision about the results of the choices made previously. In the traditional model or the model of flawless objectivity, numerical qualities are utilized to decide the degree of utility of every one of the elective alternatives which are then utilized for the procedure of dynamic or during ‘choice phase’. The elective decision that gives the most extreme measure of utility (emotional degree of utility relying upon the leader) is chosen. In business associations, execution of the levelheaded model of dynamic involves the accompanying presumptions including the directors in the association. These suspicions incorporate information on every probable other option, consciousness of the normal outcom es of every one of the other options, having a foreordained and sorted out inclination set relating to all the results lastly, having solid computational capacity and profound bits of knowledge to think about these results and figure out which one of these is the most liked (Turpin and Marais, 2004). The model of limited discernment The idea of limited reasonability clarifies that while people decide, sanity of their conduct is restricted by three significant elements; accessibility of access to data, intellectual regions of human personalities, and time limitation inside which the choice must be made. As indicated by Simon (1979), the pioneers in an association consistently don't settle on totally educated decisions. In numerous events they settle on decisions based on accessible data and the bits of knowledge and determining abilities of the leader. In this manner, the decision made by these pioneers isn't generally the ideal decision. Objective conduct by people is mostly affecte d by two factors; the circumstance wherein the choice must be made and â€Å"the computational abilities of the actor† (Turpin and Marais, 2004, 147). Investigation of levelheadedness of human conduct has gotten simpler since the examination can be made inside these

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Social Influences on Behavior free essay sample

A 1800’s author; Herman Merville composed â€Å"We can't live for ourselves alone, for our lives are associated by a thousand undetectable threads†. A social clinician concentrates how the human conduct changes dependent on social circumstances. They intently examine how individuals react to the unforeseen circumstances. As social creatures we do this kind of anyalizing ordinary; scrutinizing another people activities, was that man playing with me, did that lady simply give me a grimy look? This exposition will layout the fundamental ideas of the social effects on human conduct. Individuals will in general follow the lead of others, on the off chance that one individual in a gathering gazes out the window, soon others will follow this lead, or if there is one individual yawning, giggling or in any event, hacking, soon others will duplicate these activities. A barkeep will take care of cash in his own tip cup for it to give the idea that others have just tipped him, this â€Å"seed† cash will elicite others to adjust to giving a tip. Similarity is the point at which we change our activities, thinking and conduct to coordinate a gathering or person. Individuals go along for different reasons, for example, to dodge dismissal, to be acknowledged, or even to keep an occupation or economic wellbeing. This sort of conduct would be called regulating social impacts or the â€Å"social norm† anticipated ordinary social responses or potentially practices coordinated by social impacts. An individual that will not adjust to the social standards could confront genuine quarrels, for instance Rosa Parks a worn out African American lady riding the transport won't give her seat to a white man. During that period this was incredible and she was captured and fined, ultimatly her activities picked up devotees and the Cival Rights Movement started. In any case, in the event that it haden’t been for her courageous activities to conflict with the social standard, society may have advanced a very different way. One person’s activities or conduct can tremendously affect a whole culture or society in general. Another explanation that individuals may adjust is to realize, when working in a gathering if an individual offers sensible knowledge with respect to why something ought to be transformed we may chose to fit in with the change as we have acknowledged their data as being valuble. This kind of educational social ifluences permit us to settle on shrewd decisions to change our conduct dependent on social Influences. An incredible model is the measure of individuals that have quit smoking. We were taught of the risks related with tobacco, and individuals needed changes to be made subsequent to being instructed, the adjustments in smoking has made our general public in general more advantageous. Social impacts can create either valuable or damaging practices in individuals. A gathering of six young people are strolling around the shopping center and two of them conclude they are going to take, and the otheer four consent since they need to be acknowledged and they are gotten. This kind of agreeable similarity can be damaging. Visser accepts that numerous customs are as antiquated as humankind and from various perspectives the establishment of our socially satisfactory practices. A model are appropriate social graces are essentially all inclusive paying little mind to the way of life the likenesses are around the world. Laws are likewise a manner by which social impacts influence human practices. There are two sorts of laws, the ones that society makes and places recorded as a hard copy and are authorized by the police and court framework, the second is natual laws or the laws of nature, for example, everything in the end passes on, anyway demise ought not happen through the hands of another, this at first was a characteristic law that obviously turned into a composed law. Our current lawful framework comprises of criminal law and cival law. Criminal laws spread wrongdoings that are unsafe to the point that they are rebuffed by cut off fines, detainment or even passing, and maintained by government offices. Common laws are associted with lesser violations and are according to people. These laws both normal and composed infuence our practices and are defined limits by society. Proficient morals and licensure is another zone where society has effects on our practices. Certain callings, for example, legal advisors, doctors, clinicians, and others have formal codes of morals with quite certain duties. These morals might coordinate our own ethics, for instance a specialist may have a confidence that is against fetus removal, yet has a patient that needs data in regards to a premature birth, morally the specialist must gracefully the patient with the data paying little mind to their own convictions. Kohlberg’s seven phase hypothesis of good advancement comprises of; preconventional ethical quality comprising of, joy/torment, to evade torment or not get captured, cost/advantage, to get rewards, regular profound quality comprising of, good youngster, to pick up acknowledgment, peace, keep rules. Principled profound quality which comprises of, implicit understanding to advance society’s government assistance, moral standard, to accomplish equity, grandiose to be consistent with widespread standards. Social effects on our practices start during childbirth and are created end authorized through our guardians. Media, for example, music, magazines and TV can affect our practices from what we decided to wear, to where we purchase our garments, even who we vote in favor of in a political race. Contingent upon which media we watch will variey on the result of our practices, so for example in the event that one newpaper is supporting a certain canidate or has an inclination against one, we might be purswayed to follow that lead. The most conscious endeavor to impact conduct is made inside our instructive framework. There has been fast progression in youngster advancement and training. This progression has permitted us to divert our regard for taking care of issues of youngsters in the public arena, for example, making the program called Head Start. Head Start was made to help low-pay families giving their kids a head start in training, conduct and social communications. Another foundation that makes the intentional endeavor to impact our practices is religion. Notwithstanding the specific kind of confidence that you picked they all have moral and good perspectives that are relied upon to be followed. The catholic religion puts stock in monogomy, no premature births, abstannce until marriage. Numerous devotees live by these convictions and their practices spin around their strict convictions. Society acknowledges these practices and frequently regards the dediction to the people confidence. Social help is the phomomina of individuals prefoming at a more elevated level through the consolation of a group of people or potentially backing of others. This obviously is most influentian with individuals who hold high respects to what others percieve of them. I witness this sort of conduct all the time however in two altogether different settings. The primary setting is at my daughter’s soccer matches. At the point when the group has played the greater part the game and is losing severely, they frequently proceed with the second 50% of the game in one of two different ways, anyway this is incredibly affected on the guardians cheering and encouragment to not surrender. On the off chance that there are just a couple of guardians in participation and they hush up the group will essentially surrender and put next to zero exertion into the second 50% of the game, nonetheless if there is a great deal of cheering the young ladies will â€Å"fight† to the end investing their best amounts of energy forward. The second setting that I see at work is the point at which a kid is consistantly told by relatives that they can't accomplish their school work, or observe the principles. These kids get little support and frequently question themselves and their own capacities. Notwithstanding, I generally inquire as to whether they want to do it, and afterward I state that I realize they can. I disclose to them that in the event that they attempt their hardest and give a valiant effort, at that point they are not a disappointment. I assume the job of their own team promoter, and regularly their practices will change significantly. Ordinarily I would state that practices that warrant a theraputic intercession are practices that cause mischief to people or others. Mischief can be psyical, passionate, or jepordize a people wellbeing. In the event that the individual is showing practices that are not perilous or destructive, yet rather may simply be out of the social standard, yet they are fit for working in the public arena regardless of whether on an essential level then there ought to be no requirement for a theraputic mediation. In the event that the individual by and by searches out assistance all alone, at that point obviously help ought to be given.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Logical Fallacies; Argument Structure Assignment

Legitimate Fallacies; Argument Structure - Assignment Example It makes the thought that the open segment elements are educated on digital security issues when contrasted with present day undertakings in view of the time of administration secured (longer than 10 years). Bid to conviction is apparent in that supposition in light of the fact that Microsoft endeavors to preclude the suitability of undertakings in handling digital security since they are present day associations. The objective market gets the feeling that the ‘older’ organization has a superior potential for success to deal with digital security issues. Likewise, Microsoft claims that open area substances have handled different national and neighborhood dangers; thus, stand a superior opportunity to deal with digital security dangers. Such a suspicion shows deluding striking quality. Regardless of having the involvement in digital security concerns, Microsoft should not to preclude current ventures in their endeavor to deal with such concerns. Current endeavors can offe r an exercise to the open part substances paying little mind to their time of activity. In the notice, Microsoft utilizes an intrigue to fear by asserting that tables may have turned with regards to issues of security best practices. Such a supposition endeavors to overrule the general conviction that open division substances can get significant exercises from present day ventures. The objective market gets the feeling that however the cutting edge endeavors offer significant exercises to open part substances, the open area elements are invulnerable in issues of digital security. Consistent deceptions exist in each examination or contention. Individuals use sensible errors to fulfill their contentions; subsequently, setting up emotional contentions and decisions. Be that as it may, it is critical to know about legitimate paradoxes. In the Microsoft ad, the organization endeavors to showcase its security administrations to the objective market. With the expansion in digital security dangers, people and associations stress over the security of their databases and key innovations. Microsoft

Saturday, June 6, 2020

Tips for Living in a Sorority House

Tips for Living in a Sorority House The Social Life One of the top reasons to live in a sorority house is the social aspect, but transitioning to a communal living arrangement can be tough. These tips will make it easier. Know the house rules. Living in a sorority house means abiding by the house rules, which are meant to make the house safe, healthy, and positive for everyone. Breaking those rules could result in eviction from the house. Avoid gossip. The size of sorority houses varies by school, but some are quite large. (The Kappa Alpha Theta house at Oklahoma State University, for example, has a capacity for 86 residents.) With that many young women under one roof, a certain amount of drama is inevitable. To make sure your experience is a positive one, try to avoid gossip and negative confrontations as much as possible. Clean up after yourself. While your sorority house will likely have a housekeeper, you should still do your part to keep the house clean. Tidy up your clutter, clean up any spills, and empty overflowing trash cans when you see them. Doing so will make the house more comfortable for everyone. Get involved elsewhere. While your sorority sisters will probably be your closest f riends, living with them means you might sometimes tire of their company. For that reason, it's important to get involved in activities and organizations outside your sorority, so that you can build and maintain friendships with a wider circle of people. Related Articles Joining a Sorority Joining a Sorority Top Ways to Get Involved on Your Campus Top Ways to Get Involved on Your Campus Risks of Binge Drinking for College Girls Risks of Binge Drinking for College Girls Handling Parties Sorority houses are known for being great places for parties. Here's how to keep it safe and fun. Know the alcohol policy. The alcohol policy will vary based on the particular house, sorority, and school, and some policies are more lenient than others. The Kappa Delta Sorority National Council, for example, recently adopted a policy stating that there should be no possession of any alcoholic beverage in any sorority houses. Familiarize yourself with your particular house's policy so you can properly abide by it. Know your drinking limits. Everyone's tolerance for alcohol is different, so it's up to you to know when you've had enough. The risks of binge drinking for college girls are real, and getting sick from too much alcohol is the fastest way to ruin a party. Take care of your sisters. One of the best parts of living in a sorority house is that everyone looks out for each other. If one of your sisters has too much to drink, be there for her in her time of need. Secure your stuff. With so many people going in and out of the sorority house during a party, it's entirely p ossible for some items to go missing. Consider keeping anything valuable locked up. Academic Considerations Keep your grades on track while living in a sorority house with these tips. Ask for privacy and quiet when you need it. Privacy and quiet study time can be tough to come by in a crowded sorority house. Nevertheless, if you need your sisters to give you space to study or to quiet down so you can sleep before a big exam, don't be afraid to ask for what you need in a friendly way. Find an alternative study space. While many sorority houses have a designated study room, you should also have an alternative place to study, like the library, where you can go if it gets too hard to concentrate in the house. Ask your sisters for academic support. Look for mentoring and tutoring opportunities within your sorority house. For example, if you're majoring in biology, find other science majors who can help you prepare for tests or offer study tips.

Sunday, May 17, 2020

Business Associate Degree Single Moms Prefer University of Phoenix Online Programs 2019

Education is a ticket out of poverty and to gaining self-respect, says Evelyn Dutch, a single mom. However, sitting in a classroom after a long work day, and finding childcare, are real obstacles for single moms. How are women like Evelyn Dutch earning a business associate degree while maintaining their parenting responsibilities? Single Moms Find Flexible Business Associate Degree Program at University of Phoenix With online degree programs and campus locations throughout the U.S., University of Phoenix offers a flexible Business Associate degree for single moms. Moms can schedule classes according to their needs or even choose to take classes entirely online. In addition to the business associate degree, University of Phoenix offers other flexible degrees, including: Associate Degree in Criminal Justice. RN to Bachelor of Science in Nursing. Bachelor of Science in Communications. Master of Business Administration (MBA) . University of Phoenix Offers Affordable Business Associate Degree Program for Single Moms Single mothers often feel the financial burden of a one-income household. At University of Phoenix, staff members are considerate of the unexpected financial difficulties faced by single moms. Students are given a 100% refund if they must cancel prior to the first day of instruction. Single moms can also apply many sources of federal financial aid to the University of Phoenix Business Associate degree. .u6ef70e6bbbf64c2c03ee7c413c1dcfd4 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u6ef70e6bbbf64c2c03ee7c413c1dcfd4:active, .u6ef70e6bbbf64c2c03ee7c413c1dcfd4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u6ef70e6bbbf64c2c03ee7c413c1dcfd4 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u6ef70e6bbbf64c2c03ee7c413c1dcfd4 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u6ef70e6bbbf64c2c03ee7c413c1dcfd4 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u6ef70e6bbbf64c2c03ee7c413c1dcfd4:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Employment Opportunities With an Associate's Degree in Criminal JusticeUniversity of Phoenix is helping single moms boost earnings and expand their career options. Prospective students may request additional information from the University of Phoenix Business Associate degree program by filling out an information request form. For a complete list of degree programs offered at University of Phoenix, visit College-Pages.com, the leading education and career resource website. Related ArticlesAssociate Business Degree More Single Dads Achieving Educational Goals through University of PhoenixCriminal Justice Bachelor Degree Single Parents in Colorado Find Convenience at Kaplan UniversityNursing and Health Care DegreesOnline Postgraduate Business Administration DegreesBSB 5 Ways to Earn a Bachelor of Science in Business in as Little as 12 MonthsThe Doctorate in Education Educational Leadership

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

A Culture As An Integrated Whole - 1346 Words

1. Why do anthropologists say it is useful to look at a culture as an integrated whole? a. Culture, which is shaped by the set of beliefs, customs, values, norms, and behaviors transmitted through learning and observance (Kottak 2), is studied by numerous disciplines including: sociology, biology, psychology, history, medicine, anthropology, etc. However, what sets Anthropology apart from these distinct and often narrow views of human culture is the fact that Anthropology seeks to combine these separate views into a single framework when studying culture. This holistic approach is extremely beneficial when applied because there are several external factors that affect, or have affected the composition of a particular culture and Anthropologists are able to examine and interpret their findings using an integrated approach. This therefore decreases the likelihood of an Anthropologist to apply a scientifically biased approach when analyzing their observations. Using an integrated approach towards culture also produces findings that are more accurate, especially when Anthropologists are dealing with a culture from the past. For instance, if clothing/textiles were uncovered from a site, then applying a biological approach would allow researchers to determine the geographical origin of the material and thus determine whether another society influenced this particular culture, while applying a sociological approach would allow a researcher to determine whether the article ofShow MoreRelatedCulture : An Integrated Whole Making It1617 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion 2 Culture is definitely one important thing. Culture is defined as the learned behavior patterns that are attained by members in a society. Throughout this entire class we have learned so much about culture and how important it is for being historical and cultures as interconnected. The idea of culture being historical is really important because all cultures are known to be apart of something bigger. In one of the readings, â€Å"culture is defined as historically produced in particular locationsRead MoreA Paradigm Shift to Complementary and Alternative Medicine806 Words   |  4 PagesMedicine Over the last century, religion, spirituality, and science have all played a major role in health care, although they have never been integrated with traditional medical science in the United States. Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is a set of medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not part or integrated as part of Western medicine which is the dominant health care system in the United States. 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Armstrong Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V Family Centered Health Promotion October 5, 2014 Consideration of Heritage Many different cultural backgrounds have integrated into our society, as we know it today. Cultural diversity is growing by record numbers in the United States, and providing healthcare to this growing population becomes more complicated due to the diverse needs of individuals. As our population diversifies our healthcare delivery systemsRead MoreApproaches to Environment Education1570 Words   |  7 Pageseducation about the environment and education through the environment. It is the process of recognizing values and clarifying concepts in order to develop skills and attitudes necessary to understand and appreciate the inter-relatedness among man, his culture, and his biophysical surroundings. Environmental education also includes practice in decision-making and self-formulation of a code of behavior about issues concerning environmental quality (IUCN, 1970). Environmental education is a relatively youngRead MorePartnership Working Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pagesessential when providing person centred support and it also the only way to address some of the govements most challenging long term social objectives. The national services frame work for older people 2001 (24-25) also outlines expectations around integrated working bet between health services and social care agencies working towards a single assessment process and joint commissioning. The health act reinforces the importance of joint working The white paper July 2012 also state about working togetherRead MoreCitizens have Appalling Ignorance According to Martha Nussbaum’s Essay, â€Å"Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism1008 Words   |  4 Pagesthis kind of education would be integrated in todays’ schools, and how it will affect the students. Nussbaum’s idea of a cosmopolitan education, although altruistic in nature, interferes with todays’ time and resource hungry education system. Even if cosmopolitan education were to be integrated in schools, there would be nothing to stop it from having the same complications as a nationalistic or patriotic school. If students are to be educated about other cultures, such as their histories, hardshipsRead MoreCCOT 1 -Economic Activity Essay703 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿CCOT Eurasia developed an integrated network of economic activity by the year 1200 C.E.. Between 1000 BCE and 1200 CE, it expanded greatly. The principle relied heavily on changes in trade networks, governmental alliances, religion and the continuity of warfare and social hierarchies. Trade networks are crucial to any economic scenario. They allow for the free flow of goods and services to be carried out over wide expanses of land and both within and throughout cultures. Examples of this are most

Will the real Harry Potter please stand up Essay Example For Students

Will the real Harry Potter please stand up Essay I repeat, will the real Harry Potter please stand up? Were gonna have a problem here.. Yall act like youve never seen a kid wizard before, Jaws all on the floor like Voldemort just burst in the door, Started yelling Adava Kedavra worse than before, He first gets destroyed while trying to kill me, what a bore, Its the return of the Aw wait, no wait, your kidding, he didnt just say the spell I think he did, did he? And Dumbledore said NOTHING YOU IDIOTS! DUMBLEDORES DEAD HES LOCKED IN MY CUPBOARD! HA HA! All the women love Lockhart, Chicka-chicka-chicka Mr. Lockhart, Im sick of him, look at him, Walkin around carrying his signing quill, scared of You-Know-Who, Yeah, but hes so cute though! Yeah? Probably got a couple of screws up in his head loose, But no worse than having Scabbers in your bedroom, Sometimes, I just wanna go in Snapes class and let loose, But cant, yet Malfoy can say what his dad can do, My father can do this, my father can do that. Well guess what? Who cares? And Trelawney is a loony bat. And Death is the message that she delivers to little kids, And expects them not to know of the fraud she really is! Of course muggles are gonna know what a wizard is, By the time they hit for-tay, They see us weirdos in London, dont they? , We aint nothin but mammals, Well, some of us cannibals who cut muggles open like cantalopes, So if we can curse dead animals and antelopes, Then theres no reason that man and a monster cant elope (ewww), So if you feel like I feel I got Snapes Antidote, Witches wear your pantyhose, Sing the chorus, and it goes, Im Harry Potter, Yes Im the real Potter, All you other Harry Potters, Are just a buncha dotters, So wont the real Harry Potter please stand up! Please stand up! Please stand up! Im Harry Potter, Yes, Im the real Potter, All you other Harry Potters, Are just a bunch dotters, So wont the real Harry Potter please stand up! Please stand up! Please stand up! Lockhart gotta make up his stories to sell books, Well I dont, so curse him and curse you too! You think I give a crap about book awards? Half of you parents cant understand me, so instead you ban me. But Harry, what if you win? Wouldnt it be weird? Why? So you guys can just lie to get me here, So you can sit me here next to Professor Snape, Rita Skeeter better switch me chairs, So I can sit next to Mr. Weasley and Hagrid first, And hear em argue over who she insulted first, Little Git, put me on blast on Witch Weekly, Oh hes cute, but hes cheatin on Hermione! Hehe, I should break her quill in half and youll just see, Ill show the wizard world how you gave Harry a bad rap, see? (AHH! ) Im sick of you little Colin Creevys, all you do is annoy me, So I have been sent here to destroy you, And theres a million others just like me, Who talk like me, who just dont like bubotuber pus like me, Who dress like me, fly, talk, and cast spells like me, And just might be the next best thing, but not quite me! Im Harry Potter, Yes Im the real Potter, All you other Harry Potters, Are just a bunch dotters, So wont the real Harry Potter please stand up! Please stand up! Please stand up! Im Harry Potter, Yes Im the real Potter, All you other Harry Potters, Are just a bunch dotters, So wont the real Harry Potter please stand up! Please stand up! Please stand up! .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a , .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a .postImageUrl , .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a , .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a:hover , .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a:visited , .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a:active { border:0!important; } .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a:active , .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u621b54efc7188fae58efa3141f3c079a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's stone EssayIm like a Floo Powder trip to listen to, Cuz Im only living proof, Of things that wont die when protected by your ma in your living room, The only difference is I got the scar to, Show it in front of yall, And I dont gotta be tall or potion-coated at all, I just get on my broom and catch the snitch, And whether you like to admit it, I just catch it, Better than 90% of you Seekers out there. Then you wonder how these kids can eat up these books like Botts, Its funny, at the rate Im goin when Im 17, Ill be the only Wizard in Hogwarts who aint nerdy, Pinchin my nose when Im walking in the Dungeons, Where that Snape jerk is, but this whole shrinkin potion isnt workin! And every single person is a Voldemort lurkin, He could be working at magical things, Spittin on the DADA things, Or in the parkin lot, circlin, Screaming Harrys outa luck! With his windows down crashin into muggle trucks, So would the real Potter please stand up and put, One of those wands in each hand up, And be proud to be a Parseltounge, and a rule-breaker out of control, One more time, loud as you can, hows it go? Im Harry Potter, Yes Im the real Potter, All you other Harry Potters, Are just a bunch dotters, So wont the real Harry Potter please stand up! Please stand up! Please stand up! Im Harry Potter, Yes Im the real Potter, All you other Harry Potters, Are just a bunch dotters, So wont the real Harry Potter please stand up! Please stand up! Please stand up! Im Harry Potter, Yes Im the real Potter, All you other Harry Potters, Are just a bunch dotters, So wont the real Harry Potter please stand up! Please stand up! Please stand up! Im Harry Potter, Yes Im the real Potter, All you other Harry Potters, Are just a bunch dotters, So wont the real Harry Potter please stand up! Please stand up! Please stand up! Ha ha, I guess theres a Harry Potter in all of us. Lets all stand up.

Monday, April 20, 2020

Mandatory Minimum Sentences and Drug Policy Reform free essay sample

The use of mandatory minimums within our judicial system is not winning the war on drugs. This country needs drug law reforms to turn the tide on the war on drugs, and minimize their impact on our society. This comes from rehabilitation programs that are more effective and less costly for our government. Introduction Our country has gone to extremes to try and win the war on drugs. There is no evidence to show that they have made any real impact in ending or even lowering the use of drugs in this country. In1986 the federal government enacted mandatory minimum drug sentences. These laws force judges to comply with a minimum prison sentence based on the nature of the drug crime. By doing this, the federal government has tied the hands of our judges to use their judgment depending on the case. Their argument for this is it will deter people from committing drug crimes in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Mandatory Minimum Sentences and Drug Policy Reform or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My argument is that we are treating an addiction which needs both medical and psychological help to resolve, not longer prison sentences. Argument for Mandatory Minimums In 1986 mandatory minimums were enacted to put an end to the cocaine and crack epidemic that was going on in our nation’s inner cities. The focus was if they could apprehend the drug kingpins and lock them away for many years in prison, they would lose their realm of control of the drug world. The reality of the situation is that many gang leaders are in prison today, and have just as much control over the drug trade as they did when they were free men. Many say that the laws have inadvertently become a racial problem within this country. Laws on mandatory minimum sentences are much harsher on crack than cocaine. Since crack is predominantly used among African Americans within this country, they received much harsher punishments than cocaine users who are predominantly white. Argument against Mandatory Minimums We are not simply dealing with a bad behavior that is a scourge on society. We are dealing with extremely addictive drugs that a prison sentence will do almost no good in helping people kick their habits, and thus their old way of life. These people need medical and psychiatric help in order to rehabilitate them into the nine to five taxpaying Americans that our country wants them to be. Many drug dealers started out as users and began to sell the drug in order to pay for their own habit. Mandatory minimum prison sentences for people who are sadly destroying their lives to maintain their own personal habit are not going to be reformed in our nation’s prisons. Most of the people within our prison system are their because of non-violent drug crimes. They are not horrible people who are their because of rape, murder, armed robbery, etc†¦ People who argue in favor of mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses say it is working by putting dealers behind bars. The fact is though that most of the people behind bars due to these laws are low level dealers. â€Å"In fiscal year 2005, 61. 5% of all federal crack cocaine defendants were low-level offenders such as mules or street dealers. Only 8. 4% were high-level dealers. † (Mandatory Minimums) Mandatory minimums only go by the weight of the substance that you were selling. It is clear by this data that the weights set in our current laws do not target high-level dealers as well as they were intended to. Rehabilitation Centers vs. Prison Rehabilitation of our country’s drug users not only has a higher success rate than that of our prisons, it is also more cost efficient. It is what you refer to as a win-win. The amount of people within our jail and prison systems is estimated to be above six million people. Approximately half of these inmates used drugs regularly the month prior to their apprehension. It is fair to say then that nearly half of our prison population is candidates for drug rehabilitation programs rather than prison systems. The average cost for incarcerating an individual for a year is $20,000. The average cost of treatment at a rehabilitation center is around $9,000. It currently costs our government around one billion dollars annually to incarcerate its prison population. By taking the half of the prison population that are habitual users and putting them in treatment centers, the government could save a quarter of a million dollars a year. Not only that, but the repeat offender rate for those that have gone through the treatment centers is only a fourth of that for prison sentences. Drug courts are a new movement going across our nation. A court system set up to deal with drug crimes only. Drug courts are set up to give first time offenders a second chance. Conditions of sentencing typically involve mandatory drug testing along with therapy. If first time offenders can successfully complete the treatment program in most cases their crime is removed from their criminal record. Since many first time offenders are juveniles or young adults, this allows them to receive federal aid through FAFSA. In turn it makes it easier for them to receive higher education services, which gives them a better chance at getting the skills they need for jobs. This in turn makes it more unlikely that they will revert to their old lifestyles of drug dealing now that they are treated for a drug addiction and have been given the tools they need to succeed. Drug courts are very strict though. If a participant in the program fails to attend a therapy meeting or has a positive return on a drug test, they are sent directly to jail. The program is only for those who want to change their lives. It is true that there are some people who do not want to change and they should be in jail if they do not want to reform to the laws of this country. The idea of drug reform in this country may be a daunting task, but it needs to be done. If we do nothing about the problem it will never go away, and as it has shown so far it will only get worse. The old ways of thinking are clearly not working. Something needs to be done about this problem. There is a reason why we have the highest incarceration rate of all industrialized nations. It is because half of our incarcerated citizens are non-violent drug offenders. If we can move towards treating an illness instead of punishing a crime, our country will be better off. Less people will be incarcerated and will be productive, moving our country towards a better tomorrow. Mandatory Minimum laws within this country need major reform due to the injustice that they create. While most of the injustice was done inadvertently, nonetheless it is still there. Our country has failed to take one step closer in winning the war on drugs. It is time for America to realize it has a drug addiction problem that cannot be fixed with lengthy prison sentences. Our country needs to change the mandatory minimum laws. Cocaine and crack need to be punishable equally. In this country it is estimated that there are four million people with addictions to either crack or cocaine. About half of the nation’s prison population is in there for non-violent drug offenses. With a prison population of one and a half million people, that’s three quarters of a million non-violent drug offenders not receiving the correct treatment. Cocaine use has continued to rise since the 1980’s while crack use has stayed steady. Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in this country. It has had research to show that it is a gateway drug. Users of marijuana are more likely to try drugs like crack and cocaine. Studies show that most users of marijuana have tried the drug before their sophomore year in high school. Educational systems such as D. A. R. E. are already in place as good educational tools against drugs. Our society needs to be honest about the dangers of drugs. Many anti-drug commercials of the past could go as far as to say a hit of marijuana will make you kill your parents. Many commercials of today are starting to show more honesty. Instead of saying that buying pot is the same as putting money into the hands of terrorists, they are stating the truth that it does typically make you less active. This in turn usually leads to people not completing goals, and not completing any of their goals. Alcohol is the second most illegally used drug by minors. Education about the dangers of alcohol is equally important. Alcoholism is a major problem within this country, which typically has major effects on families. Alcoholism can lead to violent households. More teens die from drinking and driving than any other way of death. Alcohol like marijuana is considered a gateway drug. This is why it is so important that we attempt to stop irresponsible drinking behaviors. Essentially drug addicts are addicted to the feeling of euphoria that comes upon them when endorphins flood the brain with the use of the drug. Drug rehabilitation centers have found great success at treating people with addiction to crack and cocaine with anti-depressants. The National Institute of Drug Abuse is taking a different approach to the problem. They are developing a cocaine-vaccine that virtually eliminates all effects of the drug. This would ensure that even if an addict were to have a relapse, the drug would have no effect, and the incentive to do the drug is taken away. Dealers of crack and cocaine usually were crack and cocaine users first. These drugs are incredibly addictive. For users to support their habits many of them turn to dealing the drug. If our society can find a way to break the cycle of addiction there is hope that we can start to turn the tide on the war on drugs. Our government simply has to recognize that we are dealing with an addiction crisis, and not necessarily bad people who are the scourge of society. Drug courts are a new movement going across our nation. A court system set up to deal with drug crimes only. These courts are now operating or have plans to be operating in all fifty states. The first drug court was established in Dade County in 1981. Drug courts are set up to give first time offenders a second chance. Conditions of sentencing typically involve mandatory drug testing along with therapy. If first time offenders can successfully complete the treatment program in most cases their crime is removed from their criminal record. Since many first time offenders are juveniles or young adults, this allows them to receive federal aid through FAFSA. In turn it makes it easier for them to receive higher education services, which gives them a better chance at getting the skills they need for jobs. This in turn makes it more unlikely that they will revert to their old lifestyles of drug dealing now that they are treated for a drug addiction and have been given the tools they need to succeed. Drug courts are very strict though. If a participant in the program fails to attend a therapy meeting or has a positive return on a drug test, they are sent directly to jail. The program is only for those who want to change their lives. It is true that there are some people who do not want to change and they should be in jail if they do not want to reform to the laws of this country. Along with anti-depressants and revolutionary new research being done to address this nation’s addiction to drugs the twelve step process is the most used system for drug rehabilitation. The twelve step process forces the user to admit he or she is powerless over the drug and that a higher power can help them restore their sanity. This has its own constitutional conflictions with the separation of church and state. The twelve step process is only one option that can be taken towards drug rehabilitation though. It could be set up where defendants could choose a faith based rehabilitation program through the state or a non faith based rehabilitation program. There is no one strategy that works for every addict. Each case needs to be dealt with on a personal basis. They need to get to the bottom of why they want to use drugs. There is typically an underlying issue in a user’s life that causes them to search for an escape. The escape that ends many people in prison for lengthy sentences happens to come from crack and cocaine for too many people. Our rehabilitation centers need to work closely with the patients’ family whenever this is possible. Most drug users have families that are drug users as well. It is a perpetual cycle that continues to go on. It continues to go on because the underlying problems within the family are not addressed and they continue to turn to drugs in an attempt to escape the issues. Families are typically the best support system for a user trying to go clean. Without the help of the family or a family like atmosphere, users find it difficult to see a reason why they should quit. They need to see the impact that it makes on their loved ones to make it real to them. The ugliness needs to be shown in order for the user to see the full consequences of his or her actions. I am not proposing that we get rid of prison sentences for drug offenders by any means. We should only offer rehab to first time offenders who will be able to show whether they truly wish to change their lives for the better. If you have been through the program once and reverted back, then you have not proven to society that you are willing to be a productive law-biding citizen. Everyone deserves a second chance, but not necessarily a third or fourth. Rehabilitation of our country’s drug users not only has a higher success rate than that of our prisons, it is also more cost efficient. The amount of people within our jail and prison systems is estimated to be above six million people. Approximately half of these inmates used drugs regularly the month prior to their apprehension. It is fair to say then that nearly half of our prison population is candidates for drug rehabilitation programs rather than prison systems. The average cost for incarcerating an individual for a year is $20,000. The average cost of treatment at a rehabilitation center is around $9,000. It currently costs our government around one billion dollars annually to incarcerate its prison population. By taking the half of the prison population that are habitual users and putting them in treatment centers, the government could save a quarter of a billion dollars a year. Not only that but the repeat offender rate for those that have gone through the treatment centers is only a fourth of that for a prison sentence. Rehabilitation centers have a success rate of sixty to seventy five percent. When those figures are applied to the prison population that means that at the lowest success rate twenty five percent of our prison population would become productive members of society. While the repeat offender rate for rehabilitation centers is between forty and twenty five percent, prison are seventy five percent. With our current system over half a million of our non-violent offenders will be back in prison for the same crime, while with rehabilitation at worst it would be around three hundred thousand. The key to success with our rehabilitation centers is to provide long term assistance. It will be much better off for the nation as a whole to treat the triggers of addiction before it gets out of hand. Yes it is the addicts fault the he or she is addicted, but this does not mean that we should let society hurt on a principle of stubbornness. We should help our fellow man stay clean if he wants to be clean. With long term assistance programs for patients of rehabilitation programs, the success rate can reach as high as ninety five percent. I am not naive enough to think that this high of a number will work just as well for prisoners. Some prisoners simply do not want to break their addiction. If they do not want to change their lives, there is very little that rehab will do for a patient. Society has treated the drug problem within this country with extremely harsh punishments. We have been blind to see that we have been approaching the problem with the wrong strategy. Rehabilitation and education are the two strongest weapons in the war on drugs. If we change the lives of drug offenders, we will be able to exchange a large portion of our prison population into productive members of society. This would turn people who used to be a burden on taxpayers into taxpayers themselves. This would ultimately help the economy of America and the overall quality of life. The idea of drug reform in this country may be a daunting task, but it needs to be done. If we do nothing about the problem it will never go away, and as it has shown so far it will only get worse. The old ways of thinking are clearly not working. Something needs to be done about this problem. There is a reason why we have the highest incarceration rate of all industrialized nations. It is because half of our incarcerated citizens are non-violent drug offenders. If we can move towards treating an illness instead of punishing a crime, our country will be better off. Less people will be incarcerated citizens are non-violent drug offenders. If we can move towards treating an illness instead of punishing a crime, our country will be better off. Less people will be incarcerated and will be productive, moving our country towards a better tomorrow.

Sunday, March 15, 2020

Modal and Phraseological Verbs in Italian

Modal and Phraseological Verbs in Italian In addition to the Italian auxiliary verbs essere and avere, Italian modal  and phraseological verbs also serve as support to other verbs. Italian phraseological verbs (verbi fraseologici)  include   stare,  cominciare,  iniziare,  continuare,  seguitare,  finire, and  smettere,  which, when used before another verb (mostly in the  infinitive, but also as a  gerund), define a particular verbal aspect. Read on to learn more about these important Italian helping verbs. Modal Verbs The Italian modal verbs are dovere, potere, volere- meaning, respectively: necessity, possibility, and volition- they precede the infinitive of another verb and indicate a mode, such as in the following examples. The sentences show how to use these three verbs in Italian, followed by the type of mode in parentheses, followed by the English translation: Sono dovuto tornare (necessit)- I had to come back (need).Non ho potuto aiutarlo (possibilit).- I could not help him (possibility).Rita vuole dormire (volont).- Rita wants to sleep (will). To underscore the close link between the modal verb and the verb that follows it, the former usually takes the auxiliary of the second: Sono tornato. / Sono dovuto (potuto, voluto) tornare.Ho aiutato. / Ho potuto (dovuto, voluto) aiutare. This translates in English to: Im back. / I had to (have, wanted to) return.  I helped. / I have (had, wanted to) help.. It is common to encounter modal verbs with the auxiliary avere, even when the governing verb requires the auxiliary essere, as in: Sono tornato. / Ho dovuto (potuto, voluto) tornare.- Im back. / I had to (have, wanted to) return. Modal Verbs Followed by Essere In particular, the modal verbs take the auxiliary verb avere when they are followed by the verb essere: Ho dovuto (potuto, voluto) essere magnanimo.- I had to (have, wanted) to be magnanimous. The presence of an unstressed pronoun, which can be placed before or after the servile verb, has an effect on the choice of the auxiliary verb, such as: Non ho potuto andarci.  Non sono potuto andarci.Non ci sono potuto andare. Non ci ho potuto andare. This transelates in English to: I could not go there. I am not able to go there.  I could not go there. I could not go there. In addition to dovere, potere, and volere, other verbs such as sapere (in the sense of being able to), preferire, osare, and desiderare can also support the infinitive forms: So parlare inglese. Preferirei andarci da solo.Non osa chiedertelo. Desideravamo tornare a casa. In English, this translates to: I can speak English. Id rather go alone.  Do not dare ask. We wanted to go home. Phraseological Verbs To understand phraseological verbs, its helpful to view how they are used in context, in brief prases. Each of the following phases in Italian uses a phraseological verb, followed by the type of action being described, followed by the translation of the phrase and type of action in English: Sto parlando (azione durativa) - Im talking about  (action durative)So per parlare (azione ingressiva)- I know from talking  (ingressive action)Cominciai a parlare (inizio dellazione)- began to talk  (onset of action)Continuai a parlare (proseguimento dellazione)- continued to talk  (continuation of)Smisi di parlare (fine dellazione)- I stopped talking  (end of action) Additionally, various phrases and expressions are used idiomatically in Italian: essere sul punto di, andare avanti, a etc.- be about to,  go ahead, and  etc.

Friday, February 28, 2020

Business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business strategy - Essay Example Additionally, Microsoft has launched a program of developing tools of advancing productivity (Hachman 20). The objectives of these tools include improving the development, design, and debugging as well as testing software. An ambitious project of bringing graphics to life is aimed at creating pictures in real time and that look real to the natural environment. The R&D of Microsoft seems to be consistent with the core foundation and aims of the company to remain as the world’s leading software company provider. Technology has become a key component to the performance of Microsoft. Technology is defined as the making and usage of tools, systems, crafts, and techniques in order to solve a given problem. Through technology, the performance of a corporate can be measured by using various tools and devices. For instance, a decision support system is useful in collecting data from various internal sources such as data ware houses, databases, and data marts to model possible characteristics. Additionally, technology has enabled the formation of tools that enhances Microsoft to plan effectively in terms of resources (Hachman 21). An enterprise resources system in particular, is effective in helping corporate managers to have a consolidated view of all is taking place in their organizations. As part of the mission and strategy of Microsoft, the mix of basic, applied, and engineering research proves to a resourceful model. Basic research has become the foundation upon which Microsoft has based its decisions on what to do next. Consistent with bring a valuable technology to its customers; the company has consistently utilized applied research in order to prove the efficacy of its invention. On the other hand, engineering research has become valuable in inventing some of the latest technologies that have put Microsoft ahead of other companies in the market. Competitive advantage of a company is gained through a

Tuesday, February 11, 2020

The Circular Economy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Circular Economy - Coursework Example It plans to implement practices that will streamline its production process and reduce its energy flows. It wants to achieve a circular economic model by which it can recycle and reuse its manufactured products to minimise its resource utilization as well as cost. Developing manufacturing facilities that use less energy and reduces emission will create greater sustainability as well as reduce the impact on the environment. It aims at procuring the used products from its customers at an agreed price or by offering them discounts on their new purchase. This will not only help the garden tools manufacturing company to reuse various structural and functional parts in the assembly of new equipments but will also market its strategy successfully which is aimed at long term sustainability. The gardener’s job became much easier in the year 1830 when first mechanical land mower was invented (Jenkins, 2015). Now days most of the land mowers are either powered by electricity or gas. It turns blades that either cut like scissors or rotate like a propeller in order to chop the grass. The gas mowers have rotary plates that spin horizontally on a vertical crank shaft. In order to make the blade housing which is called the deck, a machine first applies a lubricating chemical to sheet steel that is coiled when it first comes to the factory (Bralla, 2007). The chemical helps flatten the steel so that it is easier to cut the steel. A press is then used to perforate the sheet every 60 cm. After the press separates the sheet and rounds it off the corners a robotic arm is used to move each segment on to a dock (Koren, 2010). The 500 tonne press then bends the steel like steel foil in between two loads in order to give the steel its basic shape. A robot then leaves the oily deck with the suction cups and then they are moved to another press. The new machine trims the excess around the decks edges. Then

Friday, January 31, 2020

Letter to Congress Essay Example for Free

Letter to Congress Essay My name is †¦ and I am writing as your constituent in the 53rd Congressional district of California. I am writing to ask you to cosponsor Rep. John Conyers Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act (H.R. 676). United States House of Representatives Bill Number 676 is the proposed U.S. legislation to establish single-payer health care, improved Medicare for All, in the United States. It will establish lifelong, comprehensive coverage for health care. A single-payer system would take the charge of insurance premiums off of employers and put it on the people as a nation, where it belongs. I cant think of a more pro-business step that Congress could take at this time. Its also the right thing to do, the humane thing to do. Obamacare doesnt address the lack of sustainability of our healthcare system. It won’t keep insurance prices down, more than 30 million people will remain uninsured, and insurance companies will manipulate their way out of any imposed regulations. We will no longer be paying for a system that wastes $400 billion in excessive administrative costs, more of our health care dollars will be spent on health care, and more of the doctors and nurses time will be spent on caring for people. The result will be more time spent on prevention and wellness and the U.S. dramatically raising its life expectancy. As a Registered Nurse who has been employed at various managed care payers, I know firsthand the corruption and abuse that is typical of health insurance companies. It is political corruption that has allowed this situation to continue. Right now Congress and the President are fighting over how much to slash Medicare and Medi-Cal/Medicaid benefits. The American people dont want to see this happen. National, single-payer healthcare (H.R. 676) is pro-business, and pro-people. Please co-sponsor today. Thank you for your time and attention.

Thursday, January 23, 2020

Henry Thoreau Essay -- essays research papers

Born in 1817, in Concord, Henry David Thoreau became one of the greatest writers among the American Renaissance. Thoreau based his whole philosophy on the fact that man needed to get rid of material things in order to be an individual. An exquisitely educated man, Thoreau went to Harvard, which placed heavy emphasis on the classics. Thoreau studied a curriculum that included grammar and composition, mathematics, English, history, and various philosophies. He also spoke fluently in Italian, French, German, and Spanish. After his graduation in 1837, Thoreau became a teacher. He and his brother John, however, closed the school in 1841, for Thoreau knew writing was his passion. He kept a journal beginning in 1837, and most think he wrote way before that time. Thoreau’s love for writing pushed him to make it a driving force in his life.Thoreau was also a big part of the Transcendentalist’s Movement. The Transcendentalists assumed that the soul and nature were the two essential parts of the universe. "Transcendentalism started as a radical religious movement, opposed to the rationalist, conservative institution that Unitarianism had become." Unitarians had expressed the need for and conviction of a more personal and intuitive experience of the divine. "If a man does not keep pace with his companion, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer." Individuality was a big part of Thoreau’s life; he believed that independent, well-thought action arose nat...

Wednesday, January 15, 2020

Reading Skills Essay

Reading Reading is the receptive skill in the written mode. It can develop independently of listening and speaking skills, but often develops along with them, especially in societies with a highly-developed literary tradition. Reading can help build vocabulary that helps listening comprehension at the later stages, particularly. Micro-skills involved in reading. The reader has to: †¢ decipher the script. In an alphabetic system or a syllabary, this means establishing a relationship between sounds and symbols. In a pictograph system, it means associating the meaning of the words with written symbols. †¢ recognize vocabulary. †¢ pick out key words, such as those identifying topics and main ideas. †¢ figure out the meaning of the words, including unfamiliar vocabulary, from the (written) context. †¢ recognize grammatical word classes: noun, adjective, etc. †¢ detect sentence constituents, such as subject, verb, object, prepositions, etc. †¢ recognize basic syntactic patterns. †¢ reconstruct and infer situations, goals and participants. †¢ use both knowledge of the world and lexical and grammatical cohesive devices to make the foregoing inferences, predict outcomes, and infer links and connections among the parts of the text. †¢ get the main point or the most important information. †¢ distinguish the main idea from supporting details. †¢ adjust reading strategies to different reading purposes, such as skimming Why is reading skill is so important? Reading is one of the skills most crucial for a child’s success in school and in life. If children don’t learn to read with comprehension early enough, their education is at risk. If they don’t learn to read effortlessly enough to render reading pleasurable, their chances for a fulfilling life–by any measure, whether academic achievement, financial stability or job skills–are tremendously diminished. How to improve reading skill: Teaching reading can be an arduous task as it is often difficult to know how to improve student skills. One of the most obvious, but often unnoticed, points about reading is that there are different types of reading skills. †¢ Skimming – reading rapidly for the main points †¢ Scanning – reading rapidly to find a specific piece of information †¢ Extensive – reading a longer text, often for pleasure with emphasis on overall meaning †¢ Intensive reading – reading a short text for detailed information These different types of skills are used quite naturally when reading in a mother tongue. Unfortunately, when learning a second or foreign language, people tend to employ only â€Å"intensive† style reading skills. I have often noticed that students insist on understanding every word and find it difficult to take my advice of reading for the general idea, or only looking for required information. Students studying a foreign language often feel that if they don’t understand each and every word they are somehow not completing the exercise. In order to make students aware of these different types of reading styles, it is useful to provide an awareness raising lesson to help them identify reading skills they already apply when reading in their native tongues. Thus, when approaching an English text, students should first identify what type of reading skill needs to be applied to the specific text at hand. In this way valuable skills, which students already possess, are easily transferred to their English reading. Outline: †¢ Ask students about what types of reading they do in their own mother tongue(s). †¢ Write different categories of written material on board. i. e. magazines, novels, train schedules, newspapers, advertising, etc. †¢ Have students describe how they go about reading each kind of material. You may want to prompt them by asking the following questions: o Do you read every word in the tv schedule? o Do you understand every word you read when reading a novel? o What kind of clues can the presentation of the material give? o How much time do you spend reading the newspaper? Do you read every single word? o What kind of assumptions do you make when you read the first few lines, or a headline? (i. e. Once upon a time†¦. ) o How much time do you spend reading the various types of materials? †¢ Based on students’ answers to such questions, ask them to identify the type of skills they are using in the various reading situations. †¢ Divide students into small groups and give them the skills summary and short worksheet. †¢ Have students discuss their opinions about the various skills required for the listed materials. †¢ Present various â€Å"real world† materials (i. e. magazines, books, scientific materials, computer manuals etc. ) and ask students to identify the necessary skills required. Reading Styles  Skimming – Reading rapidly for the main points Scanning – Reading rapidly through a text to find specific information required Extensive – Reading longer texts, often for pleasure and for an overall understanding Intensive – Reading shorter texts for detailed information with an emphasis on precise understanding Identify the reading skills required in the following reading situations: †¢ The TV guide for Friday evening †¢ An English grammar book †¢ An article in National Geographic magazine about the Roman Empire †¢ A good friend’s homepage on the Internet †¢ The weather report in your local newspaper †¢ A novel †¢ A poem. †¢ A bus timetable †¢ A fax at the office †¢ An advertising email – so called â€Å"bodyfit† †¢ An email or letter from your best friend †¢ A recipe †¢ A short story by your favourite author Note: There is often not a single correct answer, several choices may be possible according to your reading purpose. If you find that there are different possibilities, state the situation in which you would use the various skills. Developing Reading Skills How many of us remember how we learned to read? Even if we cannot remember how we learned, as parents and educators we can do a lot to help children learn to read and enjoy reading. Reading involves three distinct but intertwined skills: decoding, fluency and comprehension. Decoding is understanding and using sound/letter relationships. Fluency is being able to read quickly and easily. Comprehension is being able to get meaning from the words that have been put together. Comprehension is the point of reading—the reason for reading. But a reader must reach a certain level of decoding and fluency before comprehension can occur. Learning to read involves a constant back-and-forth flow among these three skills. A difficulty in any one of them can cause a breakdown in reading skill. Decoding Decoding means understanding the sounds associated with letter symbols and being able to put them together. A good reading program teaching decoding skills will include phonological awareness activities, blending sounds and segmenting sounds. Phonological awareness is the understanding that words are made up of individual letter/sound combinations. Blending is being able to put those sounds together to â€Å"read† a word. Segmenting is being able to separate a word into individual sounds. In more advanced reading, blending and segmenting will be used to put together or take apart multisyllable words. Some instruction in decoding is useful for all readers to help them read unfamiliar words and also in spelling. Many readers understand the decoding system easily. Those who do not should receive more extensive, direct teaching in these skills. Decoding is what we often associate with phonics and is frequently considered the boring part of learning to read. But it doesn’t need to be. Teachers can help their child with phonics and phonological awareness through word games. Rhyming activities, discussing words with alliterative sounds (â€Å"mean monsters munching mints†) or play games by deleting sounds (say â€Å"clap† without the â€Å"c†) are all ways to help young children become aware of sounds. Having them read or spell nonsense words (such as â€Å"glont† or â€Å"bresk†) can become a game which will help them practice using sounds and learn patterns in the English language Fluency Once a child knows all the sounds, he needs to be able to blend them automatically (or without consciously thinking about it) and speedily to achieve fluency. Fluency is the ability to read smoothly and with expression. Fluency is the bridge between decoding and comprehension. Sometimes children work so hard at decoding each word in a sentence that they cannot remember what they read by the time they reach the end. They lack fluency. Fluency is an area where parents can help since it requires practice and modeling. Reading aloud to your children with expression and enjoyment both before and after they can read themselves, is a good way to model fluency. Once they have learned to read, read aloud collaboratively, taking turns reading a page. Repeated reading is another way to improve fluency, so do not hesitate to read the same books over and over. Comprehension Comprehension is really the end-product, or goal, of reading. We read to gain knowledge and understanding, and we read for pleasure. Each of these requires good comprehension. Many thinking skills and life experiences involve reading comprehension. In addition to speed of decoding and fluency, comprehension has many other components, including knowledge of vocabulary and language usage, background knowledge, memory, sequencing (understanding and remembering events or ideas in the order in which they are presented), visualizing (making a picture in your head as you read) and focusing (maintaining attention and interest). Teachers can have a great impact on a child’s reading comprehension. Again, reading aloud with children will inspire a love of books and reading and will provide vocabulary and language stimulation and background knowledge that will aid them when they begin to read themselves. Children who have dyslexia or a specific learning disability can benefit much more quickly from remediation if they have good listening comprehension. Reading books together gives children a chance to talk about the book, to discuss new facts and explore new ideas. Children can also improve their vocabulary and background knowledge through  discussions and activities with their friends (a trip to the zoo to learn about animals, a walk in the park to talk about kinds of plants). Integrating the Skills These three skills—decoding, fluency, and comprehension—are used continually as children’s reading skills progress. As new phonemes (letter/sound combinations) are added to reading, some children need lots of practice to become fluent with them. As they encounter more difficult words, reading may become less fluent, and the students may need to review or learn new decoding skills. If decoding skills were shaky to begin with, that can become a problem as children encounter more difficult words. Sometimes in middle school, or even high school, a child will have difficulty reading new words, and he will benefit from some instruction in how to break words apart into their syllable parts for reading or spelling. A good reading program will include all three skills. It is important for teachers to understand that reading has several parts and requires many different skills. If a child is having difficulty with reading, he may need some testing or assessment to figure out the problem. A teacher or tutor or academic therapist can then give the child specialized teaching to remediate the problem. Characteristics of Fluent Readers †¢ read with a purpose (to get information or for pleasure) and understand the purpose of different texts (e. g. , ads to encourage buying, editorials to present and influence opinions, recipes to give instructions); †¢ read quickly, automatically recognizing letters and words, maintaining a flow that allows them to make connections and inferences that make the text understandable; †¢ use a variety of strategies, depending on the text, to read efficiently (e. g., varying reading speed, predicting what will happen next, previewing headings and illustrations); †¢ interact with the text, making use of background knowledge as well as the information on the printed page; †¢ evaluate the text critically, determining whether they agree or disagree with the author; †¢ expect to understand the text and get meaning from it; and †¢ usually read silently. Conclusion Much research has been concerned with first language reading and has generated many approaches to teaching reading. However, there is a growing body of literature on both foreign language academic reading and second language reading. All three areas contribute to the understanding of the reading process and have implications for instructional practice. Teachers who are aware of these reading approaches can tailor reading instruction to meet the needs and goals of English language learners. Suggestions for Developing Reading Instruction Knowing what good readers do and comparing this with the strategies used by learners in their classes will enable ESL teachers to gauge learners’ needs. Adult English language learners come with varied reading backgrounds and experiences. Some are fluent readers in their native languages; some are not. Their view of literacy will be influenced by the literacy practices of their culture. Yet, they all will share the experience of learning to read in English, and they will approach reading differently from the way native speakers approach it (Rance-Roney, 1997). The following activities can help learners develop reading proficiency. The choice of activity, however, depends on the needs of the learners, the nature of the text, and the demands of the reading task. Reading Proficiency Activities 1. Because good readers read with a purpose, learners should read texts that meet their needs and are interesting. Teachers can choose texts, or let the learners choose texts, that are relevant to the learners’ lives. They also need to be exposed to texts that they are likely to encounter in everyday life, such as newspapers and magazines, work memos, schedules, and medical instructions. 2. In order to develop automatic recognition skills, learners who are preliterate or literate in a language with a non-Roman alphabet should be given opportunities to develop letter recognition and sound-symbol correspondence skills. This should not be done in isolation, but with familiar texts that they have practiced orally or heard before (Hood et al. , 1996). For example, learners can identify words that begin with a certain sound in a dialogue they know. Learners who are literate in their own language may find phonics instruction unproductive unless differences between their native language and English are pointed out. Spanish speakers, for example, need to know that the letter â€Å"a† can express more than one sound in English. Vocabulary development also plays a role in automaticity. In texts where vocabulary may not be familiar, teachers can introduce key vocabulary in prereading activities that focus on language awareness, such as finding synonyms, antonyms, derivatives, or associated words (Hood et al. , 1996). Modified cloze exercises, where examples of the target structure (e. g. , prepositions) are deleted from a text and learners fill in as many blanks as they can, are also helpful. 3. Using appropriate strategies for various reading tasks increases comprehension, but acquiring an array of strategies is a long and difficult process (Grabe, 1995). Nevertheless, such strategies as skimming for the main idea, scanning for specific information, predicting what a text is about or what will happen next, and making use of the context and illustrations to discover word meanings are critical for English language learners beyond the beginning level. 4. Prereading activities that introduce the text encourage learners to use their background knowledge (Eskey, 1997). Class members can brainstorm ideas about the meaning of a title or an illustration and discuss what they know. The teacher can highlight cultural assumptions inherent in the writing. Awareness of various text types and their styles (advertisements, recipes, editorials) is also helpful. 5. Evaluating texts for implicit values and assumptions is another important reading skill. Reading texts that present different opinions or different descriptions of the same situation help develop an awareness of how language reflects values (Hood et al. , 1996). Texts that present an issue without presenting a solution, such as â€Å"Dear Abby† letters (without the replies), can lead to discussion and writing about differing points of view (Auerbach, 1992). 6. Good readers expect to understand what they are reading. Therefore, texts should contain words and grammatical structures familiar to the learners (Eskey, 1997). However, it is not always easy to find texts that are both understandable and interesting for adult English language learners to read. Authentic reading material can often be found by the learners themselves, who have written pieces to share with each other. 7. Extensive reading for a sustained, uninterrupted period of time is not only valuable for developing vocabulary but is also an important way to develop reading proficiency and language acquisition in general (Grabe, 1991; Krashen, 1993). In class, learners can engage in Sustained Silent Reading (SSR) of materials they have chosen themselves. They can be encouraged to read outside of class by maintaining (and periodically turning in) reading logs that list what they have read and by making one- to three-minute oral presentations recommending a book, story, or article to their classmates (Dupuy, Tse, & Cook, 1996). Conclusion Much research has been concerned with first language reading and has generated many approaches to teaching reading. However, there is a growing body of literature on both foreign language academic reading and second language reading. All three areas contribute to the understanding of the reading process and have implications for instructional practice. Teachers who are aware of these reading approaches can tailor reading instruction to meet the needs and goals of English language learners. AN APPROACH TO A READING LESSON STAGE 1: Check understanding of ‘essential’ vocabulary. (Do you think it is necessary or desirable for your students to understand all the vocabulary) AIM: For students to understand the meaning of words essential to the completion of set tasks. STAGE 2: Establish interest in the topic through discussion based on the topic or prediction. AIM: To generate students’ interest in the topic of the text. (These two stages are necessary to prepare the students for the reading skills. ) STAGE 3: Set atleast two different reading tasks. Give the easier task(questions), first to build confidence. This would be task which require scan reading. AIM: For students to have practice in scan reading skills. STAGE 4: Provide a task.

Tuesday, January 7, 2020

Bon Voyage French Vocabulary Explained

Expression: Bon voyagePronunciation: [bo(n) vwa yazh]Meaning: have a good tripLiteral translation: good tripRegister: normalNotes: The expression bon voyage is used in both French and English to say goodbye to travelers and wish them well. Related Expressions bonnes vacances - enjoy your vacation/holidaybonne route - safe journey, drive safelybon retour - safe journey home In French, bon can be added to pretty much any noun to wish someone well: bon appà ©tit - enjoy your mealbon match - enjoy the game, have a good gamebonne promenade - have a nice walk, enjoy your walkbon và ©lo - have a nice bike ride, enjoy your bike ridebon week-end - have a nice weekend And it means happy in relation to special occasions: bonne annà ©e - happy New Yearbon anniversaire - happy birthday